Mustafa Basree, DO

INTRODUCTION: Transitioning from Radiation Oncology (RO) training to independent practice is often challenging. Understanding resident attitudes related to program satisfaction and comfort with treatment modalities is essential for improving resident experience.

METHODS: Between 2020 and 2024, the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO) conducted web-based surveys of graduating RO residents in the United States. Likert-style scales were utilized to capture responses and summarized using descriptive statistics. Chi-square tests assessed differences in response rates and nominal variables. Kruskal-Wallis H and Kendall's tau-b tests evaluated ordinal variable distributions and correlations, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression estimated associations between variables.

RESULTS: A total of 820 graduating residents (out of 952 invited) completed the surveys, representing a median response rate of 86.5% (range, 77.8%-93.7%). Ninety-one percent of residents were satisfied or very satisfied with their program (range, 89.6%-94.0%). Dissatisfaction with clinical didactics (OR 5.34; p<0.001) and higher numbers of training sites (OR 5.73; p=0.01) were associated with program dissatisfaction. Compared to 2014-2015 ARRO survey, satisfaction improved in treatment planning (85%) and biostatistics (61%) domains, but declined in physics (76%) and radiation biology (68%) didactics. Compared to small programs (<6 residents), residents in larger programs reported greater satisfaction with training (e.g., clinical didactics, mentorship). Over a third of residents reported excessive (7.9%) or moderate (31.0%) non-educational tasks, which decreased over survey years (adj p=0.049). Confidence levels varied between treatment modalities, with high confidence for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT; 96.1%) and non-spine bone SBRT (87.7%), and low confidence for high dose rate (HDR; 25.7%) and low dose rate (LDR; 22.6%) prostate brachytherapy (BT) CONCLUSION: Graduating RO residents in this analysis were satisfied with their training programs, albeit with low confidence in certain treatment modalities. This data highlights areas of strength within RO training programs and identifies opportunities for improvement to produce graduates ready to enter independent practice with the full scope of RO techniques.

PMID:40164356 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.03.035

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) in resectable pancreatic cancer remains undefined, though occult nodal disease is common. This study investigated the use of neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to primary disease with ENI, with concurrent capecitabine. Safety data for this protocol were previously reported. In this report, we provide an updated survival analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective, single institution, phase IA/B dose-escalation trial that enrolled patients with biopsy-proven, resectable, pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 2014 - 2019 (NCT1918644). Patients were enrolled into one of the 3 cohorts with escalating dose levels. Neoadjuvant SBRT to the primary tumor was delivered in 5 fractions of 5, 6, or 7 Gy with concomitant capecitabine (1650 mg/m2). All patients received ENI 5 Gy x 5 fractions. Our initial report found no dose-limiting toxicities. Clinicopathologic features were summarized using descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves were employed for survival analysis.

RESULTS: Of 17 enrolled patients, 16 were evaluable (94.1%). Thirteen (76.5%) proceeded to surgery. Median follow up was 28.0 months (1.7 - 71.9). Four patients (25.0%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and six (37.5%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Pathologic nodal involvement (69.2%) was associated with a higher risk of any relapse (p<0.01) and distant metastasis (p=0.02). Local failure occurred in 4 (25%) patients with 2/4 of those failures occurring partially within the 25 Gy elective nodal field and 1/4 occurred in the 25 Gy elective nodal field and partially within the 35 Gy tumor field. The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 31.1 months (range, 2.3 - 73.6) and 12.0 months (range, 0.4 - 71.9), respectively. Three-year OS and DFS were 50% and 31.3% overall, and 61.5% and 38.5% for the surgical cohort. Patients with pN+ had worse median OS (23.9 vs 69.3 months; p=0.002) and DFS (9.9 vs 58.9 months; p=0.002). No further radiation related toxicities were noted since the prior report.

CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant SBRT to the primary tumor with ENI and radiosensitizing chemotherapy is a feasible approach that may improve outcomes in patients with resectable and borderline pancreatic cancer, despite high rates of pathological nodal involvement. Further investigation of this strategy is warranted in a larger cohort.

PMID:39924052 | DOI:10.1016/j.prro.2025.01.011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Standard treatment of patients with stage II/III esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (E/GEJ) cancer involves neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT), resection, and immunotherapy. Our trial evaluated the addition of perioperative avelumab to standard treatments.

METHODS: Patients with resectable E/GEJ cancers received avelumab with nCRT and adjuvant avelumab after resection. Primary endpoints for phase I and II portions were safety and pathologic complete response (pCR) rate, respectively. Secondary endpoints included recurrence-free survival (RFS), surgical complication prevalence, and R0 resection rate.

RESULTS: Twenty-two patients enrolled in the study. Median follow-up during data cutoff was 23.9 months. There were no dose-limiting toxicities during the run-in phase. Nineteen patients (86.4%) underwent resection with R0 resection rate of 78.9% and with pCR rate of 26%. Most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) were cytopenias from chemoradiation. Aside from one grade ≥ 3 avelumab-related hypersensitivity, no grade ≥ 3 avelumab TRAEs were seen. Median RFS was not reached, and 1-year RFS and overall survival were 71% and 81%, respectively. The study was terminated before full planned accrual due to standard practice change based on the CheckMate 577 trial.

CONCLUSIONS: The addition of perioperative avelumab to nCRT was tolerable and demonstrated promising outcomes.

PMID:39757733 | DOI:10.1002/jso.28070

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies associate an increase in breast cancer risk, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), with lack of breastfeeding. This is more prevalent in African American women, with significantly lower rate of breastfeeding compared to Caucasian women. Prolonged breastfeeding leads to gradual involution (GI), whereas short-term or lack of breastfeeding leads to abrupt involution (AI) of the breast. Our previous study utilizing a murine model demonstrated precancerous changes, specifically hyperplasia, a non-obligate precursor of breast cancer in the mammary glands of AI mice. Here we investigated mechanisms during early events of AI that prompts precancerous changes in mouse mammary glands.

METHODS: Uniparous FVB/N mice were randomized to AI and GI on postpartum day 7 when all pups were removed from AI dams. GI dams were allowed to nurse the pups till day 31. Cell death kinetics and gene expression were assessed by TUNEL assay and qPCR respectively. Immune cell changes were investigated by flow cytometry, cytokine array and multiplex immunofluorescence. 3D-organoid cultures were used for in vitro assay of luminal progenitor cells.

RESULTS: AI results in rapid cell death, DNA repair response, and immunosuppressive myeloid cells infiltration, leading to a chronically inflamed microenvironment. GI elicits a more controlled immune response and extended cell death. At the peak of cell death, AI glands harbored more immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD206 + M2-like macrophages, known to promote oncogenic events, compared to GI glands. AI glands exhibit an enrichment of CCL9-producing MDSCs and CD206 + M2-like macrophages that promote expansion of ELF5 + /ERα- luminal cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Multiplex imaging of AI glands demonstrated an increase in ELF5 + /WNT5a + luminal cells alongside a reduction in the ELF5 + /ERα + population when involution appeared histologically complete. A significantly higher number of CD206 + cells in post involution AI gland attests to a chronically inflamed state induced by AI.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal significant disparities between AI and GI gland dynamics at the early phase of involution. CCL9, secreted by immune cells at the peak of cell death promotes expansion of Elf5 + /ERα- luminal progenitor cells, the putative precursors of TNBC connecting early events of AI with increased breast cancer risk.

PMID:39754221 | PMC:PMC11697808 | DOI:10.1186/s13058-024-01933-3

Athletes and bodybuilders use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to increase muscle mass and enhance performance. Its use is widespread among competitive athletes in order to enhance athletic performances. However, the use of AAS has been linked to many deleterious adverse effects, including cardiomyopathy and polycythemia. We present the case of a young man in his late 20s who presented with uncontrolled hypertension and elevated hemoglobin. He was found to have a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 20-25%. Further workup showed dilated cardiomyopathy and low normal erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Evaluation for polycythemia vera was negative, and there was no evidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy. The patient later admitted to using injected AAS for professional bodybuilding. The coexistence of both these conditions can be challenging to diagnose and treat. While primary and secondary polycythemia can lead to hyperviscosity and result in ischemic cardiomyopathy from coronary occlusion, anabolic steroids can directly result in cardiomyopathy and polycythemia. This case points to the importance of identifying cardiomyopathy and polycythemia from illicit drug use, which can often be missed, and the workups needed to identify the etiology.

PMID:39280364 | PMC:PMC11398840 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.66850

PMID:39244347 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.01.209

Reports of mammary Paget's disease (MPD) as a manifestation of breast cancer recurrence are rare. MPD presents a particular challenge when emerging more than two decades after a breast cancer treated with evidence-based therapy. There is a broad spectrum of non-malignant causes for dermatitis of the nipple during the initial presentation that may delay cancer work-up. This case highlights the MPD work-up and management in the context of a personal history of breast cancer. This unique clinical presentation emphasizes the importance of vigilant cancer surveillance for timely intervention, especially for a presumed cured cancer.

PMID:38957233 | PMC:PMC11218596 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.61521

OBJECTIVE: Radiation necrosis (RN) can be difficult to radiographically discern from tumor progression after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of radiomics and machine learning (ML) to differentiate RN from recurrence in patients with brain metastases treated with SRS.

METHODS: Patients with brain metastases treated with SRS who developed either RN or tumor reccurence were retrospectively identified. Image preprocessing and radiomic feature extraction were performed using ANTsPy and PyRadiomics, yielding 105 features from MRI T1-weighted post-contrast (T1c), T2, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Univariate analysis assessed significance of individual features. Multivariable analysis employed various classifiers on features identified as most discriminative through feature selection. ML models were evaluated through cross-validation, selecting the best model based on area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Specificity, sensitivity, and F1 score were computed.

RESULTS: Sixty-six lesions from 55 patients were identified. On univariate analysis, 27 features from the T1c sequence were statistically significant, while no features were significant from the T2 or FLAIR sequences. For clinical variables, only immunotherapy use after SRS was significant. Multivariable analysis of features from the T1c sequence yielded an AUC of 76.2% (standard deviation [SD] ± 12.7%), with specificity and sensitivity of 75.5% (± 13.4%) and 62.3% (± 19.6%) in differentiating radionecrosis from recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS: Radiomics with ML may assist the diagnostic ability of distinguishing RN from tumor recurrence after SRS. Further work is needed to validate this in a larger multi-institutional cohort and prospectively evaluate it's utility in patient care.

PMID:38689115 | DOI:10.1007/s11060-024-04669-4

Oligometastatic state is believed to potentially represent a transitional stage between early, locoregional state disease and widely metastatic disease. Historically, locoregional approaches, particularly in advanced colorectal cancers, have demonstrated efficacy in select patients with limited burden of metastatic disease. Recent strides in systemic therapies, including biomarker-based treatments and immunotherapy, alongside innovations in surgical techniques and novel locoregional approaches such as stereotactic radiotherapy and ablation, have ushered in a new era of therapeutic possibilities across all oligometastatic GI cancers. Despite these advancements, there remains a significant gap in high-quality prospective evidence guiding patient selection and treatment decisions across various disease types. Ongoing clinical trials are anticipated to provide crucial insights into oligometastatic states, fostering the refinement of disease-specific oligometastatic state definitions and treatment algorithms. This article reviews existing data on the management of oligometastatic GI cancer, summarizes current state of knowledge for each disease state, and provides updates on ongoing studies in this space.

PMID:38190577 | DOI:10.1200/EDBK_430152

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S): Radiation necrosis can be difficult to non-invasively discern from tumor progression after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). In this work, we investigate the utility of radiomics (computerized features) and machine learning to capture per-voxel lesion heterogeneity on routine MRI scans, to differentiate radionecrosis from tumor recurrence in patients with brain metastases treated with SRS.

MATERIALS/METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with brain metastases treated with SRS. Eighty-three lesions (n = 56 intact; n = 27 surgical cavity) from 69 patients were identified with median age 68.8 years (range 40.2 - 91.0), of whom 53.6% were male and 33.3% received prior whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Lesion histology included lung (60.2%), renal cell (15.7%), melanoma (10.8%), breast (9.6%), and other (3.6%). Pathologic confirmation was available in 73.5% of lesions. Both intact and resection cavity lesions were included and individually segmented. Image preprocessing and radiomic feature extraction were done using ANTsPy and open-source software. A total of 210 features were extracted from post-contrast T1-weighted (T1w) and T2/FLAIR MRIs. Highly correlated features were removed. Univariate logistic regression was conducted on the remaining T1w and T2/FLAIR features as well as on clinical variables. Multivariate analysis was implemented with various classifiers (Random Forest, Ridge, Lasso, Support Vector Machine [SVM]) on the top-performing features found on univariate logistic regression. Models were assessed using cross-validation to select the best model by area under ROC curve (AUC). Specificity and sensitivity were calculated.

RESULTS: On univariate analysis, the top 10 radiomics features consisted of 6 T1w features and 4 T2/FLAIR features (4 GLCM, 3 first order, 1 GLSZM, 1 GLRLM, and 1 shape feature). Age, gender, disease site, prior WBRT, prior fractionated SRS, planning tumor volume, brain-GTV V12 Gy, and immunotherapy before or after SRS were not predictive (AUC less than 62.0%) on univariate analysis compared to radiomic features. Multivariate analysis of top performing radiomic features on both intact and surgical cavities yielded an AUC of 72.0% (standard deviation [SD] ±8.8%). Multivariate analysis of top features on intact lesions alone improved the AUC to 80.5% (SD ±10.8%), with sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 72.4%, and positive likelihood ratio of 2.82 in differentiating radionecrosis from recurrence.

CONCLUSION: Radiomics and machine learning tools may improve diagnostic ability of distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence after SRS. Further work is needed to deploy this in a larger multi-institutional cohort and prospectively evaluate its efficacy as a decision-support tool to personalize care in patients with brain metastases.

PMID:37786199 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.838

Recent clinical research describes a subset of glioblastoma patients that exhibit REP prior to the start of radiation therapy. Current literature has thus far described this population using clinicopathologic features. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the potential of conventional radiomics, sophisticated multi-resolution fractal texture features, and different molecular features (MGMT, IDH mutations) as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for prediction of REP from non-REP cases using computational and statistical modeling methods. The radiation-planning T1 post-contrast (T1C) MRI sequences of 70 patients are analyzed. An ensemble method with 5-fold cross-validation over 1000 iterations offers an AUC of 0.793 ± 0.082 for REP versus non-REP classification. In addition, copula-based modeling under dependent censoring (where a subset of the patients may not be followed up with until death) identifies significant features (p-value < 0.05) for survival probability and prognostic grouping of patient cases. The prediction of survival for the patients' cohort produces a precision of 0.881 ± 0.056. The prognostic index (PI) calculated using the fused features shows that 84.62% of REP cases fall under the bad prognostic group, suggesting the potential of fused features for predicting a higher percentage of REP cases. The experimental results further show that multi-resolution fractal texture features perform better than conventional radiomics features for prediction of REP and survival outcomes.

PMID:37760604 | PMC:PMC10526762 | DOI:10.3390/cancers15184636

Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are rare and can be challenging to diagnose and treat. The uniqueness of PNS lies in the complexity of presentation, the importance of early diagnosis, and the role of multidisciplinary care in managing those patients to mitigate long-term neurologic complications. We describe a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who presented with a complex constellation of neurological symptoms (progressive global ataxia and sensory changes) that did not resolve following nephrectomy. While complete resolution of symptoms was not achieved, he did have stabilization of his neurologic decline with the initiation of cancer-directed therapies.

PMID:35698712 | PMC:PMC9187143 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.24913

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for 10% to 15% of breast cancers in the United States, 80% of which are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, with an unusual metastatic pattern of spread to sites such as the serosa, meninges, and ovaries, among others. Lobular cancer presents significant challenges in detection and clinical management given its multifocality and multicentricity at presentation. Despite the unique features of ILC, it is often lumped with hormone receptor-positive invasive ductal cancers (IDC); consequently, ILC screening, treatment, and follow-up strategies are largely based on data from IDC. Despite both being treated as ER-positive breast cancer, querying the Cancer Genome Atlas database shows distinctive molecular aberrations in ILC compared with IDC, such as E-cadherin loss (66% vs. 3%), FOXA1 mutations (7% vs. 2%), and GATA3 mutations (5% vs. 20%). Moreover, compared with patients with IDC, patients with ILC are less likely to undergo breast-conserving surgery, with lower rates of complete response following therapy as these tumors are less chemosensitive. Taken together, this suggests that ILC is biologically distinct, which may influence tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies. Long-term survival and clinical outcomes in patients with ILC are worse than in stage- and grade-matched patients with IDC; therefore, nuanced criteria are needed to better define treatment goals and protocols tailored to ILC's unique biology. This comprehensive review highlights the histologic and clinicopathologic features that distinguish ILC from IDC, with an in-depth discussion of ILC's molecular alterations and biomarkers, clinical trials and treatment strategies, and future targets for therapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The majority of invasive lobular breast cancers (ILCs) are hormone receptor (HR)-positive and low grade. Clinically, ILC is treated similar to HR-positive invasive ductal cancer (IDC). However, ILC differs distinctly from IDC in its clinicopathologic characteristics and molecular alterations. ILC also differs in response to systemic therapy, with studies showing ILC as less sensitive to chemotherapy. Patients with ILC have worse clinical outcomes with late recurrences. Despite these differences, clinical trials treat HR-positive breast cancers as a single disease, and there is an unmet need for studies addressing the unique challenges faced by patients diagnosed with ILC.

PMID:33641217 | PMC:PMC8176983 | DOI:10.1002/onco.13734

BACKGROUND: A large collaborative analysis of data from 47 epidemiological studies concluded that longer duration of breastfeeding reduces the risk of developing breast cancer. Despite the strong epidemiological evidence, the molecular mechanisms linking prolonged breastfeeding to decreased risk of breast cancer remain poorly understood.

METHODS: We modeled two types of breastfeeding behaviors in wild type FVB/N mice: (1) normal or gradual involution of breast tissue following prolonged breastfeeding and (2) forced or abrupt involution following short-term breastfeeding. To accomplish this, pups were gradually weaned between 28 and 31 days (gradual involution) or abruptly at 7 days postpartum (abrupt involution). Mammary glands were examined for histological changes, proliferation, and inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to quantify mammary epithelial subpopulations. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to analyze gene expression data from mouse mammary luminal progenitor cells. Similar analysis was done using gene expression data generated from human breast samples obtained from parous women enrolled on a tissue collection study, OSU-2011C0094, and were undergoing reduction mammoplasty without history of breast cancer.

RESULTS: Mammary glands from mice that underwent abrupt involution exhibited denser stroma, altered collagen composition, higher inflammation and proliferation, increased estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor expression compared to those that underwent gradual involution. Importantly, when aged to 4 months postpartum, mice that were in the abrupt involution cohort developed ductal hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. Abrupt involution also resulted in a significant expansion of the luminal progenitor cell compartment associated with enrichment of Notch and estrogen signaling pathway genes. Breast tissues obtained from healthy women who breastfed for < 6 months vs ≥ 6 months showed significant enrichment of Notch signaling pathway genes, along with a trend for enrichment for luminal progenitor gene signature similar to what is observed in BRCA1 mutation carriers and basal-like breast tumors.

CONCLUSIONS: We report here for the first time that forced or abrupt involution of the mammary glands following pregnancy and lack of breastfeeding results in expansion of luminal progenitor cells, higher inflammation, proliferation, and ductal hyperplasia, a known risk factor for developing breast cancer.

PMID:31315645 | PMC:PMC6637535 | DOI:10.1186/s13058-019-1163-7

PURPOSE: High expression of glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (GLI1) is associated with poor prognosis in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers. We sought to define a GLI1-dependent gene signature in ER-positive tumors that could further stratify patients at higher risk for disease recurrence and potentially lead to novel combination therapies.

METHODS: We identified an inverse correlation between GLI1 expression and distant disease-free survival (DFS) using a dataset developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (Hatzis dataset) containing clinical data from 508 breast cancer patients. Using a qPCR-based microarray platform, we identified genes differentially regulated by GLI1 in MCF7 cells and then determined if expression of these genes correlated with GLI1 expression in patient tumor samples. Statistical comparison between the groups was performed by ANOVA. Direct comparison of two groups was done by a two-tailed t test. Correlations between variables were done by Pearson's method.

RESULTS: Expression of GLI1 and its target genes correlated significantly with worse distant DFS in breast cancer patients with Luminal A molecular subtype. Particularly, co-expression of GLI1 with EGFR and/or SNAI1, two of the identified GLI1 targets, was predictive of worse distant DFS in this subtype. Furthermore, patients with Luminal A tumors with a high GLI1 signature had a shorter distant DFS compared to the Luminal B subtype and the outcome for this group was comparable to patients with HER2-positive or basal-like tumors.

CONCLUSION: We have identified a novel GLI1 gene signature that is associated with worse clinical outcomes among the patients with Luminal A subtype of breast cancer.

PMID:29464534 | DOI:10.1007/s10549-018-4718-x

PMID:26573004 | PMC:PMC4647705 | DOI:10.1186/s12943-015-0451-9

INTRODUCTION: S100A7 (Psoriasin) is an inflammatory protein known to be upregulated in breast cancer. However, the role of S100A7 in breast cancer has been elusive, since both pro- and anti-proliferative roles have been reported in different types of breast cancer cells and animal models. To date, the mechanism by which S100A7 differentially regulates breast cancer cell proliferation is still not clear.

METHODS: We used Gene Functional Enrichment Analysis to search for the determining factor of S100A7 differential regulation. We confirmed the factor and elaborated its regulating mechanism using in vitro cell culture. We further verified the findings using xenografts of human breast cancer cells in nude mice.

RESULTS: In the present study, we show that S100A7 significantly upregulates the expression of miR-29b in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells (represented by MCF7), and significantly downregulates miR-29b in ER-negative cells (represented by MDA-MB-231) [Corrected]. The differential regulation of miR-29b by S100A7 in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer is supported by the gene expression analysis of TCGA invasive breast cancer dataset. miR-29b transcription is inhibited by NF-κB, and NF-κB activation is differentially regulated by S100A7 in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells. This further leads to differential regulation of PI3K p85α and CDC42 expression, p53 activation and p53-associated anti-proliferative pathways. Reversing the S100A7-caused changes of miR-29b expression by transfecting exogenous miR-29b or miR-29b-Decoy can inhibit the effects of S100A7 on in vitro cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice.

CONCLUSIONS: The distinct modulations of the NF-κB - miR-29b - p53 pathway make S100A7 an oncogene in ER-negative and a cancer-suppressing gene in ER-positive breast cancer cells, with miR-29b being the determining regulatory factor.

PMID:25622979 | PMC:PMC4314775 | DOI:10.1186/s12943-014-0275-z